Vietnamese is heavily influenced by its location in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, with the result that it has acquired or converged toward characteristics such as isolating morphology and phonemically distinctive tones, through processes of tonogenesis. In the distant past, Vietnamese shared more characteristics common to other languages in South East Asia and with the Austroasiatic family, such as an inflectional morphology and a richer set of consonant clusters, which have subsequently disappeared from the language under Chinese influence. ![]() The inscription was carved on a stone stele, in combined chữ Hán (Chinese characters used in the Vietnamese traditional writing system) and an archaic form of the chữ Nôm (writing system for vernacular Vietnamese language using Chinese characters). The language was first recorded in the Tháp Miếu Temple Inscription, dating from early 13th century AD. Vietnamese belongs to the Northern (Viet–Muong) clusters of the Vietic branch, spoken by the Vietic peoples, originating from Northern Vietnam. But ultimately Vietnamese is descended from Proto-Viet-Muong. This in turn, had an ad stratum effect where Proto-Viet-Muong borrowed a large amount of words from Annamese Middle Chinese forming an Old-Sino-Vietnamese substrate. This hybridisation occurred due to a population of supposed Annamese Middle Chinese speakers living in the Red River Delta shifting from speaking Middle Chinese to speaking Proto-Viet–Muong. It is theorised that Vietnamese was descended from a proto-Austroasiatic language and was later hybridised by Middle Chinese. It has been proposed that Vietnamese is possibly a hybrid language which differs from a creole language. The term " Vietic" is used, among others, by Gérard Diffloth, with a slightly different proposal on subclassification, within which the term "Viet–Muong" refers to a lower subgrouping (within an eastern Vietic branch) consisting of Vietnamese dialects, Mường dialects, and Nguồn (of Quảng Bình Province). The term "Vietic" was proposed by Hayes (1992), who proposed to redefine Viet–Muong as referring to a subbranch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and Mường. Later, Mường was found to be more closely related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet–Muong subgrouping was established, also including Thavung, Chut, Cuoi, etc. Vietnamese is shown as Annamese.Įarly linguistic work some 150 years ago ( Logan 1852 and Schmidt 1905) classified Vietnamese as belonging to the Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family (which also includes the Khmer language spoken in Cambodia, as well as various smaller and/or regional languages, such as the Munda and Khasi languages spoken in eastern India, and others in Laos, southern China and parts of Thailand). Classification A 1906 analysis map of Austroasiatic languages (previously known as Mon-Annam languages) by British linguists Walter William Skeat and Charles Otto Blagden. Vietnamese was historically written using chữ Nôm, a logographic script using Chinese characters ( chữ Hán) to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words. ![]() It uses digraphs and diacritics to mark tones and some phonemes. The alphabet is based on the Latin script and was officially adopted in the early 20th century during French rule of Vietnam. Vietnamese is written using the Vietnamese alphabet ( chữ Quốc ngữ). Its vocabulary has had significant influence from Middle Chinese and some loanwords from French. It has head-initial directionality, with subject–verb–object order and modifiers following the words they modify. Like many languages in Southeast Asia and East Asia, Vietnamese is highly analytic and is tonal. It is split into three main dialects, Northern ( Hanoi), Central ( Hue), and Southern ( Ho Chi Minh City). It is the native language of the Vietnamese (Kinh) people, as well as a second or first language for other ethnic groups in Vietnam. Several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, Vietnamese (Vietnamese: tiếng Việt) is an Austroasiatic language spoken primarily in Vietnam where it is the national and official language. ![]() ![]() Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. This article contains special characters.
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